Juniper Systems has developed a utility intended to help get Windows Mobile Device Center working on Windows 10.

Download and info page for WMDC-Helper.exe from Juniper Systems

Instructions:

1. Set WMDC to run in Windows Vista Compatibility Mode.
a. In Windows File Explorer, find C:\Windows\WindowsMobile\wmdc.exe.
b. Right-click it, Properties.
c. Compatibility tab.
d. "Change settings for all users" button. Authenticate if necessary.
e. Check box "Run this program in compatibility mode for", Windows Vista.
f. OK, OK.

2. Right-click WMDC-Helper.exe and Run As Administrator.

3. Reboot the PC.

Note: Depending on the situation and error messages, other subsequent troubleshooting steps may be necessary.